PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PLANS NEED FOR
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Economic
development is an increase in productivity which means an increase in the
amount of output produced per worker per unit of time, whereas economic growth
is simply an increase in the output of goods and services as a result of an
increase in the size of labour force or the labour force working longer hours.
Economic development is necessary because developing countries generally
suffer from:
(a)fluctuations
in export earnings.
(b)low productivity,
particularly in agriculture.
(c)a high
proportion of the working population is engaged in agriculture and other rural
industries and the economy depends heavily on one or two primary products.
(d)rapidly
increasing population which is backward.
(e)underdevelopment
of economic resources due mainly to shortages of capital and technical know-how.
(f)lack of
specialisation and advanced technology in most of their economic sectors and
most production is labour intensive.
(g)a high degree
of inequality in income distribution based on a combination of social customs
and a firmly entrenched class system.
(h)disguised
unemployment in the agrarian sector because of the surplus of unskilled labour
and extended family system.
PLANNING
Planning has
emerged as a tool of policy in countries differing widely not only in their
stages of economic development but also in their economic and social systems.
Most countries today adopt some form of economic planning.
The term
'economic plan' was first used by the Communist Government of the Soviet Union
in 1928. The plan was a set of proposals for industrialising the country,
backed by systems of rewards and penalties, including imprisonment and death,
to make the plan work. National economic planning also spread to most
capitalist countries during and after the Second World War. During the war it
was necessary to reallocate resources to fight and win the war, and after the
war there was the need to overcome the problems of reconstruction and
rehabilitation. Developing countries after gaining independence adopted
planning as a tool of policy to accelerate their pace of economic development
and also bring about structural changes in their relatively backward economies.
In general,
planning refers to the conscious allocation of resources either directly or
indirectly by the Government to achieve national goals. The basis of planning is to ensure utilisation
of resources in a rational manner to achieve national goals. A set of national
targets is an essential part of a national economic plan. There cannot be a
plan without targets, but targets by themselves do not make a plan.
TYPES OF PLANNING
Types of
planning differ from country to country. However, we can in general classify
all forms of planning into three groups:
1.centralised or
normative planning
2.socialist
competitive planning
3.indicative
planning
Let us now
briefly look at these three forms of planning, one by one.
Centralised or Normative Planning
This form of
planning is widely practised in communist countries like the Soviet Union and
most East European countries. Under this type of planning, all enterprises
(except small scale household farming, retailing and services) are owned and
managed by the State or State run cooperatives. These enterprises are not
guided by market forces and profit-motive. Instead they are directed by the
State to achieve certain targets set in the national plans. The allocation of
almost al) resources is done by a State Central planning body. The type of
goods to produce, the method of production, the quality of inputs to be used by
each enterprise, the prices of the goods sold, and the wages paid to workers,
etc. are all decided by the central planning body. In a market economy all such
functions are taken care of by the price mechanism operating in the market. The
prices prevailing in the centralised planning system are fixed and so are known
as administered prices. Prices determined by market forces of demand and supply
are known as market prices. Centralised planning is usually rigid, involves an
enormous amount of work for planners and is not sensitive to changing market
forces.
Socialist Competitive Planning. This type of planning is practised in
Yugoslavia. It encourages competition but the ownership of resources lies with
the State. The State planning agency does not allocate resources directly or
set targets for each industry in terms of inputs and output. Allocation takes
place through the provision of loans, foreign exchange and other assistance to
individuals and groups of individuals who can start an enterprise. All
enterprises are free to sell their produce and buy their inputs as they wish.
The measure of efficiency, as in a market economy of capitalist economies, is
the amount of profits made, and the reward for those who manage and run the
enterprise is a share of the profits with the State. Prices are generally
determined in the market by the forces of supply and demand. However, the State
does place some restrictions on the prices of some essential commodities — as
is also done in capitalist free market economies like Singapore, U.S.A.,
Malaysia, etc. The targets of the Plan are achieved through licensing and the
allocation of foreign exchange and investment funds to the type of industries the
State desires to promote.
Indicative Planning. This form of planning is widely practised in
most capitalist or free enterprise economies. The distinguishing feature of
this form of planning is the participation of decision makers from various
fields and industries and from both the public and private sectors in the
formulation of the targets and objectives of the Plan. The economy is run on a
free enterprise system with a large degree of private ownership of the means of
production. The State normally owns and operates key and strategic industries
and also actively participates in joint ventures with the private sector in a
wide range of activities.
Another feature
of indicative planning is the application of a suitable mixture of inducement
and coercion to the private sector to adhere to the plan targets. Inducements
include the provision of incentives, licensing and other preferential treatment
to industries fulfilling the objectives of the Government.
In such a system
both the Government and the private sectors have important and complementary
roles to play in the development strategy of the country. Both Government and
industry have to plan several years ahead and there are clear cut advantages to
be gained by coordinating the set of estimates involved. A knowledge of the
Government's intentions about the level of public spending five years ahead is
a useful indication to industry because it enables forecasts of future to be
made with greater confidence and accuracy. The Government gains because the
information provided by industry about its expectations gives useful indication
about likely sources of strength and weakness in the economy in the future. It
also provides an indication of the margin available for financing the social
services. A 'plan' in this context is a set of policies which attempt to weld
together the expectations of the public and private sectors into a strategy for
the future development of the country.
From the above
discussion it is obvious that "Socialist competitive planning" and
"indicative planning" try to incorporate the. advantages of planning
and free competition. The basic difference between these two forms of planning
lies essentially in the degree of State ownership of the means of production.
PLANNING IN MALAYSIA
In Malaysia the
form which economic planning has taken is known as 'indicative planning'. The
practice in Malaysia has been to prepare five-year plans which are reviewed and
revised at mid-term. In the preparation of the plan, the view of the private
sector are sought through the various Consultative Committees and dialogue
sessions between representatives of the private sector and the Government. The
five- year plan is supplemented by an annual plan or budget. The annual plans
(or budgets) have concrete budgetary provisions detailing the size, allocation
and type of ^expenditure the public sector would undertake during the year. The
advantage of such '<a procedure is that it adds flexibility and focuses the
attention of administration to the need to take remedial measures if annual
progress is not in line with the overall plan target. Planning in Malaysia also
incorporates a 20-year perspective plan stretching from 1971—1990. It outlines
major trends of developments that are desired in relation to the achievement of
long-run national goals. Its chief purpose and advantage is to facilitate the
setting and evaluation of the targets of the five-year plans.
Planning in
Malaysia dates back to 1954, when a World Bank Mission was invited to undertake
a comprehensive study of the Malaysian economy. The outcome of the mission was
the formulation of the First Five Year Plan, 1956—60, for the Federation of
Malaya. Since then, a number of five-year plans have been adopted. Over these years, the plans have become more sophisticated in terms of planning
techniques, are more comprehensive in coverage and provide in a greater detail,
the Government's policies and programmes for the years ahead. Today, the plan
has become a symbol of the Government's commitment to economic and social
progress in the country.
VARIOUS FIVE YEAR PLANS OF MALAYSIA
1.Yellow Book
(1951 —1955)
Before 1950
there was no formal planning at all. The first formal plan was the Draft
Development Plan (sometimes known as the Yellow Book) 1951—55. This so called
plan mainly listed all the development projects for which the various
departments were responsible for implementation. It was a very poor plan. It
neglected the private sector, excluded important public enterprises and
established no machinery for the coordination of projects. However, it saw the
beginning of some form of planning in the country.
2.First
Five-Year Plan (1956—60)
In 1954 World
Bank Mission visited Malaysia and made its recommendations in the 'Report on
Economic Planning in the Federation of Malaya'. This was later known as the
First Five Year Plan. This plan was no better than the earlier one. It too just
enumerated the varous departmental projects.
3.Second Five
Year Plan (1961- 65)
In 1961 the
Second Five Year Plan was launched. This plan was also limited in scope for it
was not comprehensive and integrated. However, it did identify the problems
facing the nation and formulated measures to remedy such problems.
4.First Malaysia
Plan (1966-70) (FMP)
1966 saw the
advent of the First Malaysia Plan. This was a plan in the true sense of the
word. It was comprehensive and integrated, covering all the States of Malaysia.
In a sense, we can say that 1966 marks the beginning of modern form of planning
in Malaysia.
It was admitted
in this plan that though Malaysia had made notable progress in a number of
sectors of the economy since achieving independence in 1957, there were still
certain socio-economic problems being faced, namely:
(a)a heavy
dependence upon two export products: rubber and tin,
(b)a high rate
of population increase, imposing a high social cost,
(c)an uneven
distribution of income between rural and urban dwellers, between inhabitants of
Peninsular Malaysia and the Borneo States and among various social groups,
(d)low level of
human resource development.
In order to
attack and solve the above problems, the objectives of FMP were:
(a)to promote
the integration of the peoples and states of Malaysia by embarking upon a
development plan explicitly designed to promote the welfare of all,
(b)to provide
steady increase in levels of income and consumption per head,
(c)to increase
the well being of Malaysia's rural inhabitants and other low income groups,
primarily by raising their productivity and thus their economic earning
capacity,
(d)to generate
employment opportunities at a rate sufficient to provide productive work for
new entrants to the labour force and lower the rate of unemployment,
(e)to stimulate
new kinds of economic activity, both agricultural and industrial, so as to
reduce the nation's dependence on rubber and tin,
(f)to educate
and train Malaysians from all walks of life in order to equip them for
effective participation in the proses of economic and social development,
(g)to lay the
groundwork for less rapid population growth by instituting an effective
programme of family planning,
(h)to open for
development sufficient new land to keep pace with the formation of new farm
families and reduce the number of landless people desiring land for
agricultural purposes.
(i)to provide
electric power, transportation facilities and communications services adequate
to keep ahead of foreseen demands
(j) to progress
with health and social welfare development, low cost housing and a wide range
of other projects.
During the
period of the FMP there was substantial improvement in her development. Rapid
advances were made in all sectors of the economy, and all regions contributed
to the growth of the national product. The growth in output and productivity
brought about a rise in the general standard of living and the provision of
more jobs for the growing labour force. The economy embarked on a substantial
programme of rural development, an expansio^i of health, housing, education and
other services and the extension and improvement of the transport system,
public utilities and other infrastructure needed for development.
The progress
made in expanding production and economic diversification enabled the economy
to withstand the problem of price declines in its major export commodities and
to meet essential security requirements without sacrifice of important
development needs.
ACHIEVEMENTS FROM 1956-70
In the period
1956—70, the main objective of planning was to accelerate the pace of growth in
income and employment through agricultural expansion and diversification to
overcome the major problems of low productivity and income in subsistence
agriculture, exports instability, the deterioration in the terms of trade for
Malaysia's export, and the inadequate growth in income and employment opportunities
from the rubber and tin industries. The role of public sector activities was
directed at supporting private sector enterprise in the commercial and
industrial sectors. Consequently, public sector expenditure was mainly directed
at agricultural development and the expansion of physical infrastructure
facilities like roads, ports, telecommunications, utilities and drainage and
irrigation as well as towards the expansion and improvement of social services
such as education and health care to improve the quality of the labour force.
Public sector participation directly in commerce and industry was minimal.
Expenditure on
supportive infrastructure facilities like transport, communications and
utilities accounted for the largest share of public sector development
expenditure.
On the average
it took up nearly 45% of the total public expenditure during the period
1956—70. The amount of funds expended on agriculture and rural development was
also large, averaging over 20% during this period. Resources devoted to
commercial and industrial development, on the other hand, were small,
accounting for only around 2% of the total public sector expenditure.
This strategy of
the Government assisting and providing a conducive atmosphere for private
sector initiative and participation in most aspects of the Malaysian economy
was successful in generating a rapid pace of economic growth in Malaysia.
During the period 1956—70, real output in the Malaysian economy expanded at an
average annual rate of over 5% per a;inum. The real rate of output growth also
accelerated over the period of the three plans. Significant changes also took
place in the broadening of the composition of output in the economy. In
agriculture, output of padi rose and oil palm expanded in importance. The
manufacturing sector expanded and a wide range of import substituting
industries were established.
THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)
While during
1956—70 the per capita income rose and the standards of living of the majority
of the population improved, the benefits of income growth were, however,
distributed in a less equitable manner than were socially desirable. The
unequal distribution of income and wealth between the rural and urban areas and
between different groups of people in the Malaysian society was further
compounded by th2 fact that it was along racial lines.
It is strongly
contended that the racial riots of May 1969 resulted from inadequate efforts to
reduce socio-economic balances which had characterised Malaysian society for so
long. Coming on top of political independence, economic growth itself in the
sixties irretrievably affected the values, attitudes, aspirations and
expectations of Malaysians from all walks of life and in particular those who
were less advantaged. A society marked by significant economic imbalances was
no longer acceptable.
The outbreak of
racial riots in 1969 showed clearly an area of weakness which undermined the
very foundations of the nation. The trauma of racial riots led to a critical
self-analysis of what went wrong and the formulation of new approaches. There
was a fundamental shift in national policies and priorities. The New Economic
Policy (NEP) was enunciated and embodied in the Second Malaysia Plan (1971—75).
The NEP represents a new approach for dealing with the economic and social
problems through emphasising the importance of achieving a better distribution
of income, wealth and employment among the various ethnic groups and regions in
the country in the context of an expanding economy. The overriding objective of
the NEP is to achieve national unity. A two-pronged development strategy was
conceived to:
(i)reduce and
eventually eradicate poverty, by raising income levels and increasing
employment opportunities for all Malaysians, irrespective of race.
(ii)accelerate
the process of restructuring Malaysian society to correct economic imbalances
so that the identification of race with economic function and geographical
location will be reduced and eventually eradicated.
These objectives
have been set within the framework of 20 years for their achievement. To
provide the nation with a long run perspective, within which Government
policies and programmes would be formulated, an Outline Perspective Plan
covering a 20-year period, 1970-90, was also prepared.
The SMP marked the first five years of this perspective plan.
The process of
achieving the objectives of the NEP involves the modernisation of rural life, a
rapid and balanced growth of urban activities and the creation of Malay
commercial and industrial community in all categories and at all levels of
operation so that Malays and other indigenous people will become full partners
in all aspects of the economic life of the nation. The two objectives of the
NEP are not mutually exclusive. They are, in many respects, interdependent and
mutually reinforcing. For example, the measures to raise incomes in rural
areas, where Malays and other indigenous people predominate, will not only help
to eradicate poverty but also serve the objective of correcting racial economic
imbalances. Similarly, projects to correct racial economic imbalances by increasing
the participation of Malays and other indigenous people in new urban activity
will also contribute to the eradication of poverty by generating increased
employment opportunities.
THIRD MALAYSIA PLAN (1976-80)
The main thrust
of the SMP was to lay the foundations for the implementation of the NEP. The
SMP was the first in a series within the Perspective Plan, 1971—1990, aimed at
accelerating economic change designed to bring about a more equitable
distribution of economic opportunity, income and wealth among the population.
Progress was generally favourable in all these resepcts.
The Third
Malaysia Plan (TMP) constitutes the second phase in the implementation of the
NEP. The plan is a bold, imaginative an«i positive effort to meet the socioeconomic
and political challenges of our time. I{ is the biggest ever undertaken by the
Government. A major assault on poverty, a vigorous and continuous effort in the
task of restructuring society as well as the strengthening of our national
security, are the triple thrusts of the TMP.
In advancing the
implementation of the NEP, the major objectives of the TMP are, in summary, to:
(1)reduce th§ incidence of poverty in the rural areas
throughout the country among padi cultivators, rubber smallholders, coconut
smallholders, shifting cultivators, fishermen, estate workers, residents of New
Villages, agricultural labourers and the Orang Asli by:
(i)expanding
employment opportunities through new land development, establishment of new
growth centres and the absorption of excess labour in other sectors of the
economy;
(ii)enhancing
the productive role of the rural poor by increasing their access to land, water
supplies, credit, markets, extension advice and other public facilities
including electric power;
(2)reduce the incidence of poverty among the urban poor
by:
(i)expanding
employment opportunities in manufacturing and construction including the
promotion of small-scale industries;
(ii)improving
their real income through the provision of low-cost housing and other public
services;
(3)enhance the quality of life of all Malaysians and in
particular the poor through the expansion of education, health services, family
planning facilties and housing;
(4)increase the share of the Malays and other indigenous
people in employment in mining, manufacturing and construction and the share of
other Malaysians in agriculture and services so that by 1990 employment in the
various sectors of the economy will reflect the racial composition of the
country;
(5)raise the share of the Malays and other indigenous
people in the ownership of productive wealth including land, fixed assets and
equity capital. The target is that by 1990, they will own at least 30% of
equity capital with 40% being owned by other Malaysians;
(6)foster the development of entrepreneurship among the
Malays and other indigenous people so as to effectively contribute towards the
creation by 1990 of a strong and viable commercial and industrial community
among them;
(7)encourage and support private investment both
domestic and foreign;
(8)promote further utilization of the country's abundant
human and natural resources; and
(9)develop and expand the social and physical
infrastructure of the economy to effectively support the attainment of the
above objectives.
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
The NEP will be
implemented in the context of a rapidly expanding economy so that no particular
group will experience any loss or feel any sense of deprivation. Within this
perspective improving the economic conditions and quality of life of the poor
of all races by directly increasing their access to land, physical capital, as
well as training and other public facilities, thereby permitting them to share
more equitably in the benefits of economic growth. In addition, the NEP also
seeks a fairer distribution among the races of the opportunity to participate
in the widening range of economic activities. The second prong of the NEP is
also accordingly aimed at providing such assistance as may be necessary for the
various racial groups to find employment, secure participation and acquire
ownership and control in the various sectors of the economy.
In carrying out
these policies, equal priority is to be given to the twin objectives of growth
and distribution since measures to eradicate poverty and restructure society
complement and reinforce each other. Measures aimed at benefitting the poor
would significantly enhance their living standards if they were also provided
with opportunities to move into the more developed sectors and regions of the
economy. In this process, progress towards a more equitable distribution of
income and ownership of wealth will be simultaneously affected.
A dangerous
misconception about the national goals of poverty eradication and restructuring
society is that these objectives are intended to benefit only the Malays and
other indigenous people. This is not true. The poor in Malaysia involve other
races as well, although the majority are the Malays and other indigenous people
living in rural areas. Another misconception is in respect of urban poverty.
With the migration of the Malays and other indigenous people to the urban
areas, this problem is no longer limited to the other Malaysians. Urban poverty
is, therefore, a multiracial problem.
Similarly, the
goal of restruturing society does not Involve increasing the participation of
the Malays and other indigenous people in commerce and industry alone. It
involves the achievement of a multiracial structure in all sectors and at all
levels in order to correct past imbalances and their inadequate representation
in various fields. This will certainly imply an inter-sectoral movement of
people and ownership on a multiracial basis if all sectors of the Malaysian
economy are ultimately to reflect the racial composition of the nation without
detracting the role of the private sector, both local and foreign in the
economy.
An essential
element of the development strategy in Malaysia involves the active
participation of the private sector, including foreign expertise, since the
economic system remains basically one of free enterprise. The private sector
would continue to be relied upon to provide the major source of output, income
and employment creation. But, in order that economic growth is accompanied by
the desired amount of economic restructuring, the government would participate actively
in the following areas:
(i)in the labour
market, to promote a better racial balance in the pattern of employment in all
sectors of the economy,
(ii)in education
and training, to ensure the supply of skills among the various racial groups in
order to meet the requirements of the employment targets,
(iii)in the
capital market, to promote restructuring of ownership in the corporate sector,
including the holding of shares in trust for Malays and other indigenous
people, and
(iv)in general
market activity, through the operation of public enterpises in order to achieve
the desired overall employment and ownership patterns.
PROGRESS AND ACHIEVEMENTS SINCE 1979
For a developing
country, the progress and achievements made by Malaysia in the field of
socio-economic development have been remarkable. Overall growth of the economy
has consistently exceeded the targets set in the Plans. Growth in employment,
which was behind target before 1970, accelerated in the Second and Third
Malaysia Plan periods, so that by 1985, indications are that Malaysia may be
moving away from a labpur surplus economy characterising most developing
countries. The agricultural sector has become more diversified. Malaysia's
agricultural sector has become a leading world exporter of palm oil, tropical
hardwood and pepper. The prospects of cocoa becoming an important agricultural
crop are also bright. Within subsistence agriculture, modernisation has
progressed rapidly with the large expansion in drainage and irrigation
facilities in the major rice growing areas, the introduction of double
cropping, high yielding varieties and farm mechanisation. Replanting of rubber
with high yielding clones has almost completed one cycle in the estate sector.
While in the smallholders' sector, the pace of replanting has accelerated with
the expansion of public development programmes of RISDA.
Industiralisation
has progressed at a remarkable pace. The manufacturing sector has become the
leading and most dynamic growth sector of the Malaysian economy. In the last
decade, it has progressed from the initial stages of industrialisation based on
simple consumer goods, import substituting industries to the production of
durable goods and light machinery and equipment for both the domestic market
and for export. Of significance is the rapid expansion of labour-intensive and
export oriented industries like wood products, textiles and electronics. The
manufacturing sector, which contributed to only 8.2% of the GDP in 1955,
accounted for 19.8% of GDP in 1979. Exports of manufactured goods, which were
insignificant in 1956 accounted for around 20% of the total value of gross
exports in 1979.
Concurrent with
the rapid growth and structural transformation of the Malaysian economy is the
progress made in reduction of poverty and the inequitable distribution in the
ownership of wealth in the country. The overall incidence of poverty in
Peninsular Malaysia declined from 49.3% in 1970 to 36.6% in 1978. The incidence
of poverty in agriculture also declined from 68.3% in 1970 to 54.6% in 1978.
' In terms of
employment, Malays and other indigenous people have made significant progress
in increasing their share of employment in the secondary sector since 1970. It
rose from 30.8% to 39.5% in 1978 in the secondary sector and from 37.9% to
45.3% in the tertiary sector. Significant improvements were also made by the
Malays and other indigenous people in their share of professional, technical,
administrative and managerial jobs in the country.
In terms of
ownership of assets, Malaysian residents increased their shareholdings from
38.3% of total corporate equity in 1971 to 54% in 1978. In particular, the
equity holdings of the Malays and other indigenous people, including trust
agencies, increased from 4.3% of total in 1971 to 10.3% in 1978. The share of
foreign onwership correspondingly declined from 61.7% in 1971 to 46% in 1978.
MALAYSIA'S STRENGTH
Malaysia is well
placed to make positive progress in implementing the objectives of the NEP. It
has many assets some of which have been inherited while others have been the
result of past development. They provide it with a strong foundation for
further socioeconomic progress. The basic elements of strength in the economy
are:
1.A young,
adaptable and dextrous population and work force supported by a vigorous public
sector programme on education and training. They constitute not only a strong
motivating force for social and economic advancement but also a potential
reservoir of employable skills which can be harnessed for the development
effort
2.A strong
private sector, comprising dynamic and capable entrepreneurs, both local and
foreign.
3.Abundant
natural resources of land, forestry, petroleum and gas, and a strong and
diversified export sector.
4.Strong
financial situation, with high credit worthiness of the Government internationally,
strong balance of payments position, healthy level of external reserves and
comparatively small external debt.
5.High rate of
savings and the availability of sufficient financial resources to finance
investment, both public and private.
CONCLUSION
Since
Independence, the role of the Malaysian Government in the economic development
has been expanding and undergoing rapid changes. The role of the Government was
initially confined to the provision of infrastructural facilities. As a result,
a massive investment programme for the 'development of human resources and
physical infrastructure of the economy was initiated and sustained by the
public sector. The emphasis of the public sector programmes was
towards agricultural modernisation and industrialisation. With the launching of
the NEP, the direct involvement of the Government in commerce and industry has
expanded to facilitate and accelerate the greater participation of the Malays
and other indigenous people in the modern sectors of the economy. At the same
time, the achievements of the socio-economic objectives of the NEP also depend
on the active participation of the private sector. Therefore, high priority
needs to be given on a continued basis to the expansion of the private sector.
It is the belief that with the public and private sectors working together and
complementing each other, the pace of economic development could be accelerated
and the targets of the NEP achieved for the betterment of all Malaysians.
ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS
The examination
consists of two papers. In both the papers there are objective type > and
essay type questions. The first section in each of the papers contains
objective questions of the multiple type to be completed in 30 minutes. Each of
these sections are allocated 40% of the total marks. In section two of both the
papers are essay type questions and candidates are required to answer four
questions out of six. Time given is 2% hours and they each carry 60% of the
total marks.
The type of
questions that have been asked are and are likely to be asked are:
1.Discuss the
general background to the Rukunegara and what are its principles and
objectives?
2.Explain the
basic principles of Rukunegara and what is the ultimate aim of these
principles?
3.What functions
does the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong perform?
4.Trace the
constitutional development in Malaysia.
5.What do you
mean by 'parliamentary democracy'?
6.What are the
ways of gaining citizenship of Malaysia?
7.Discuss the
'fundamental liberties' that a citizen of Malaysia can enjoy.
8.How are judges
(a) appointed and (b) removed from office?
9.Discuss the
relationship between the Federal and State Governments of Malaysia
10.What are the
differences between the Government departments and public agencies?
11.What are the
main sources of Government revenue and what are the merits/ demerits of each of
these types of sources?
12.Explain the
role of Bank Negara as Government Bank.
13.What role
does the Treasury play in the control of public expenditure?
14.Discuss some
of the agencies that have been established with the aim of restructuring
Malaysian society.
15."The
National Education Policy of Malaysia is aimed at building a united,
disciplined and skilled society." Discuss.
16.What do you
mean by efficiency and quality of service in the public service?
17.Discuss.the
objectives of the book "Guide to Excellent Service".
18.What steps
have been taken and are being taken to upgrade the efficiency and quality of
service of (a) Government machinery and (b) Government servants?
19.What do you
consider are the merits and demerits of the incentive system as discussed in
General Circular (No. 9) of 1980. "Panduan Melaksanakan Peng- hargaan
Perkhidmatan Cemerlang"?
20."Service
for the Country" is the motto of the Public Service. What do you mean by
this?
21.Write short
notes on 2 or 3 of the following:
Essay Type Questions
-Economic
Planning Unit (EPU)
-National Family
Planning Board
-Malaysian
Administrative and Modernisation and Manpower Planning Unit (MAMPU)
-Implementation
Coordination Unit (ICU)
-Socio-economic
Research and General Planning Unit (SERGPU)
-National Unity
Board
-Elections
Commission.
22.What factors
determine the efficiency of a public servant?
23.If a clerk
has been absent from work for 10 days without leave, what disciplinary action
can be taken against him?
24.Write short
notes on:
(a)a Government
servant is in serious pecuniary indebtedness
(b)a government
servant is in outside employment
(c)a government
servant receives presents
(d)a government
servant lives beyond his means
(e)a government
servant indulges in politics.
25.What are the
types of punishments that can be imposed on a Government servant for breach of
General Orders?
26.What do you
understand by (a) public interest, and (b) national interest? On what grounds
and how can a government servant be made to retire in public interest?
27.What are the
different forms of ecoryjmic planning practised in different economic systems?
What are the advantages^and disadvantages of each type?
28.What is the
role of economic planning in Malaysia.
29."The
overriding objective of the New Economic Policy is to achieve National
Unity". Discuss.
30.'The New
Economic Policy is aimed at correcting economic imbalances and is for the long
term benefit of all Malaysians, irrespective of race". Discuss.
31.What is the
development strategy of Malaysia?
REFERENCES
Bank Negara
Annual Reports, Malaysia,
Various Issues.
Economic
Reports, Ministry of
Finance, Malaysia, various issues.
Five Year Plans, Malaysia, since 1956.
General Orders
1980, Government
Printers, Kuala Lumpur, 1980.
Modern
Economics, Published by
Khera Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur 1980.
Negara Kita, Diberbitkan oleh Institut Tadbiran Awan
Negara, Malaysia, Kuala Kumpur, 1980.
Panduan
Perkhidmatan Cemerlang, Diterbitkan oleh Jabatan Menteri Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1979.
Official Year
Books, Malaysia,
Various issues.
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